Named Queries vs @Query in Spring Data JPA.

@NamedQuery:

• Statically defined in the Entity class.
• Compiled by the JPA provider on startup (catches syntax errors early).
• Not very flexible for dynamic logic.

@Query:

• Defined directly on the repository method.
• Preferred: More readable (kept close to the logic).
• Supports both JPQL and Native SQL.
• Can use method parameters directly: @Query("select u from User u where u.email = :email").

Precedence: @Query takes precedence over @NamedQuery.